![]() Gnutella provides two types of services via its overlay network: Searching for files and peer discovery. Furthermore, the absence of a central node that represents a single point of failure, results in increased fault tolerance and robustness. It allows accommodating the highly dynamic and transient nature of typical peer-to-peer networks, where nodes frequently join and leave the network. The advantages of a decentralized architecture are clear. Gnutella implements searching in a fully decentralized and distributed manner, without the need for any special nodes with facilitating or administrative roles. Napster, for instance, relies on a central indexing server to locate files that are shared. The most well-known service that such a peer-to-peer infrastructure can provide is certainly file-sharing, but other systems with completely different applications such as 3 are also labeled as peer-to-peer.Įven among the peer-to-peer systems aimed at file-sharing, there exist big differences in terms of architecture and implementation of key mechanisms such as searching. 2 Although the exact meaning of the term ‘peer-to-peer’ is very debatable, these systems typically depend on a number of voluntarily participating nodes contributing resources to create some form of infrastructure. Recently, there has been a lot of activity in the area of peer-to-peer networking, sparked by the popularity of file-sharing applications such as Napster, 1 Freenet and Gnutella. We further present a new variant of the Rumor mongering protocol, which exploits the power-law characteristics of typical peer-to-peer networks and achieves a significant further reduction in cost. In this paper, we explore Rumor mongering (also known as Gossip) as a more cost-effective and scalable alternative to flooding for implementing services such as searching in decentralized peer-to-peer networks. ![]() ![]() Flooding creates a large amount of traffic and can quickly exhaust the resources of nodes in a large network. Gnutella implements application-layer broadcast by using flooding as the underlying message routing mechanism. In completely unstructured peer-to-peer networks, searching can only be realized via application-layer broadcast, where query messages are routed to every node in the network. However, the lack of centralized directory nodes makes the task of searching more expensive and difficult. The decentralized nature of these systems provides a high degree of robustness and the ability to cope with a highly dynamic and transient network environment. Fully unstructured and decentralized peer-to-peer networks such as Gnutella are appealing for a variety of applications, among which file-sharing is the most prominent one.
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